Eyjafjallajokull volcano, Icelandic volcano whose name is derived from an Icelandic phrase meaning ‘the island’s mountain glacier.’ Lying beneath Eyjafjallajökull (Eyjafjalla Glacier), its summit rises to 5,466 feet (1,666 meters) above sea level. Volcanoes can be monitored using varies techniques to estimate when an eruption will occur and what hazards it will present. The diverging Eurasian and North American plates caused the eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull (in 2010) and Bardarbunga (in 2014). When this occurs, the Icelandic land mass is going to separate, with water from the Atlantic Ocean filling in this widening gap and splitting the country in two. From the 14th to 18th April the volcano began its first explosive phrase of magma discharge from a water filled vent. The volcano itself has a large ridge shape that’s in a lengthened east west direction (Jónsson, 1988). These stations were installed to provide real time data to monitor the possibility of future eruptions in the areas (Dr Brian Baptie, 2018). Plans to mitigate the effects of eruptions on air traffic have been attempted by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) that use advice from the World Meteorological Organisation to keep Aircraft away from ash clouds by advising international airlines of ash clouds (Sammonds, P., McGuire, B., Edwards, 2011). Eyjafjallajökull lay on the sixth biggest ice sheet in Iceland, approximately 100km2 – this resulted in excess flood water as the ice sheet melted. Dikes in the older parts of the volcano strike north-easterly and indicate a change in the stress orientation during the last 0.78 My. It’s one of several volcanoes that stretch along the fault lines of the tectonic plates. Why are there volcanoes in Iceland? Discharged increased again, Eruption declined until it eventually stopped, More explosions however they had a small amount of magma. The E-W orientation of the rift zone suggests a tectonic control of a regional stress field with the least compressive stress oriented N-S. The eruption caused major disruption in the country as well as across the world. How far did the volcanic ash cloud from the eruption travel? This movement was first recorded in 1994 when a period of seismic observations was recorded by seismic and geodetic measurements. Dissertation Eyjafjallajokull is located in Iceland on the Mid-Atlantic-Ridge which separates the North American and Eurasian plates. These occurred in the 10th century when a flank eruption occurred (Óskarsson, 2009). The seismic activities were in horizontal sill intrusions at 4.5 – 6.3 km in depth below the southern flank (Pedersen and Sigmundsson, 2004, 2006; Hooper et al., 2009; Sturkell et al., 2010). The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano is an ice-covered stratovolcano located in Iceland, which last erupted in 2010. The impacts of flooding however were minimal as there is a relatively low population in that area (REF). Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. A convergent plate boundary is a location where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other, often causing one plate to slide below the other (in a process known as subduction). Starting in the Arctic Ocean, it goes all the way to nearby the southern tip of Africa. At the time of writing (September 2010), there is no indication of unusual activity at Katla following the intrusive and extrusive activity of Eyjafjallajökull in 2009-2010. Aviation Colour Code used by the USGS Volcano Observatories. This developed into an official eruption that started on the 20th March and lasted around 6 weeks (REF). These volcanic signs can indicate the reawakening of volcanoes, however these short term eruptions may be underestimated and difficult to prepare for (Sigmundsson et al., 2010). Astrophysical Observatory. The data shows a pipe like structure northeast of the summit crater, this shows the path of the magma from the base of the crust to the upper crust and into an intrusion (Hjaltadóttir et al., 2015). The island has 30 active volcanic systems, of which 13 have erupted since thesettlement of Iceland in AD 874. Examples of these are Eyjafjallajökull Explosivity increased from the Phreatomagmatic Eruption from a mixing of water and lava, Intense earthquake swarm that lasted three hours, First explosive phrase of magma discharge. Melt composition from Benmoreite to Trachyte. Yet trauma response teams from the Red Cross were at evacuations and in community centres at the time of the eruption (Carlsen et al., 2012). This caused a mix of magma and ice which causes the explosivity of a volcano to increase in intensity (Sammonds, P., McGuire, B., Edwards, 2011). The volcano however had a steam plume that occurred for months after the eruption had stopped located at the crater on summit (Gudmundsson et al., 2012). The summit explosion of trachyandesite caused an exceptional disruption to air traffic across Europe with much of the airspace being closed for several days (Sigmundsson et al., 2010). This produces basaltic volcanoes when an eruption occurs above the surface (Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland) and characteristic basalt “pillow lava” in underwater eruptions. Use, Smithsonian As the ash can cause high damage to airframes, avionics and engines of civil jet aircraft. Following the last eruption in 1821 the volcano had 170 years of dormancy which is normal for this volcano as its usual for it to have low levels of activity with it staying relatively quiet between its intrusion and eruption phases (Soosalu et al., 2006; Jónsdóttir et al., 2007; Jakobsdóttir, 2008). This will enable hazards to be kept to a minimum and reduce loss of life, health issues, economic damage and social disruption. Signs of unrest and a possible eruption occurring, or last eruptive activity has reduced but it closely monitored for possible new explosive activity. A tectonic plate floats loose from other tectonic plates but comes close to them and interacts with them where their edges meet, like underneath Iceland. As the plates move apart magma fills the magma chamber below Eyjafjallajokull. Past eruptions such as the 2010 eruption and other volcanic explosions before that can be used to guide future preparation methods. From the 5th to 17th May the volcano became even more explosive, with the melt composition from Benmoreite to Trachyte. There is evidence for similar behaviour in the two other known eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in Historic time, those of 1612 and 920. But lies within a series of high rising volcanoes that’s influenced by a secondary rift zone (REF). The continents are stuck on tectonic plates and move along with them. Furthermore, stress induced in the crust by the activity of one volcano may affect the magmatic system of the other. This inspection of the earthquake revealed that there was a small net volume of magma from the shallow depth of the mantle. Das Foto zeigt die beiden Ausbruchstellen, Eyjafjallajökull die am 14 April 2010 ausbrachen und Fimmvörðuháls vom 20 März bis 12 April 2010. The Volcano received a large media response and was categorized as a VEI of 4 on the Volcano Explosivity Index (Sammonds, P., McGuire, B., Edwards, 2011). Eyjafjallajøkull volcano (Iceland): low activity resumes. Its peak is at a total height of 1651 metres, where there is a 2.5km wide Caldera (‘Global Volcanism Program’, 2018). The deformation in this instance was rapid before the first eruption when it reduced 0.5mm per day after the 4th March. Located on the Island of Iceland In the Atlantic Ocean Remember these headings in the News? The divergent plate boundary between North America and Eurasia has a relative motion of approximately 18–20 mm yr −1 in a direction of 102–104° E of N (DeMets et al. The plate boundary is a Divergent boundary where the North American and Eurasian plates that move away from each other. The plates are moving apart at a rate of 1-5cm a year. Then again in 1612 when a possible summit eruption arose (Jónsson, 1774; Larsen et al., 1999), and then in again 1821 when the volcano last erupted before 2010 eruption (Thoroddsen, 1925). Fissure-fed lava flows occur on both the E and W flanks of the volcano, but are more prominent on the W side. Iceland rests along the Mid Atlantic Ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. Tours to Iceland; Nachrichten zum Eyjafjallajökull: Mi, 9. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKDiss.com purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on Reviews.io. As these two plates move apart, magma continually wells up along the ridge, creating new sea floor. What plate boundary goes through Iceland? 1994; Sella et al. Sill intrusion beneath Eyjafjallajökull in 1999 was followed by a magmatic event at Katla, most likely a small subglacial eruption and a period of slow inflation 1999-2004. Along with seismic activity in the upper and intermediate crust. Although the 1,666-m-high volcano has erupted during historical time, it has been less active than other volcanoes of Iceland's eastern volcanic zone, and relatively few Holocene lava flows are known. With the large number of signs showing an eruption was near, the volcano was heavily monitored in the lead up to the eruption. However other hazards were recorded further away from the eruption caused by ashfall from the volcano. Plate Boundaries - The Different Types of Plate Boundaries - GCSE Geography - Duration: 2:33. The Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted in 920, 1612 and again from 1821 to 1823 when it caused a glacial lake outburst flood (or jökulhlaup). Magma chamber movement can provide signs of eruptions that are going to occur (Sigmundsson et al., 2010). The volcano went through a small subglacial stage when the eruption melted through the glacier of 200m of ice which took 3 to 4 hours (Gudmundsson et al., 2012) and this created large amounts of meltwater that caused flooding nearby . Plate Boundaries; Volcanoes. In this way, as the plates move further apart new ocean lithosphere is formed at the ridge and the ocean basin gets wider. Is eyjafjallajokull a hot spot volcano? 'glacier of the mountains of the islands') is one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, north of Skógar and west of Mýrdalsjökull. There were however explosions on the 4th to the 8th of June but these explosions had a small amount of magma that was admitted and caused dispersion of Tephra that was limited as it was kept within 1km of the vents. These all partly contributed to the changes of the accumulated volume being estimated wrong, as well due to solidification and magma cooling (Hjaltadóttir et al., 2015). Eyjafjallajökull (Icelandic:  [ˈeiːjaˌfjatl̥aˌjœːkʏtl̥] (listen) ; lit. (c) NASA Earth Observatory. The strong influence of the topography suggests, however, that this intraplate stress field is weak. As the plates move apart magma fills the magma chamber below Eyjafjallajokull. (British Geological Survey (BGS) | A world-leading geoscience centre, 2018). Eyjafjallajökull is a small volcano (about 40km2) within the chain of volcanoes in the SE Rift Zone. Convection currents are driving apart the North American plate and the Eurasian plate. But further forecasting of the potential paths of ash clouds and the secondary impacts they can cause. The 16 years of activity had three main seismic swarms which started in 1994, 1996 and 1999. This highlights the need for volcanoes to be monitored more, this involves not just monitoring the volcano that causes primary effects. Reference this. Other examination from the Global Positioning System GPS revealed that a 0.05km3 magmatic intrusion grew within 3 months (REF). This was due to the ash produced from volcano as it caused major chaos to air traffic across Europe. This volcano (pronounced as ay-yah-fyah-lah-yoh-kuul ) is located on a spreading ridge in Iceland. Eyjafjallajökull is a stratovolcano. The eruption in Iceland caused many effects that affected people nationally and internationally from primary and secondary hazards. This was an outcome of the eruption arising within an ice capped caldera. This may be improved in the future by organisations from across Europe working together to monitor the volcano. The plate boundaries have a direct impact on Iceland’s geology. An E-W trending rift zone transects the volcano, most eruptive fissures and crater rows trend E-W, but occasional radial fissures are observed around the summit area. Eruptive fissures on the west flank are curved and tend to follow the topographic gradient. As for moderately active volcanoes such as the Eyjafjallajökull volcano less is known about the deformation of these types of volcanoes (Sigmundsson et al., 2010). Figure 1: Distribution of Ash across Europe that caused international attention due to this major secondary impact of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption to the aerospace industry. In the past, the UK has been affected by volcanic eruptions in Iceland, the most notable being the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull and 2011 Grímsvötn eruptions, which resulted in disruption of air traffic in the North Atlantic and Europe. It’s where the North American and Eurasian plates meet, and runs for 10,000 km (16,000 miles) along the ocean floor. The explosive action was relatively week but produced 2 to 4km high plumes. The immediate build up to the eruption started in January with an increased activity of phrases of seismic Earthquakes as well as volcano uplifting suggesting magma movement towards the surface (Hjaltadóttir et al., 2015). •Lies on the Mid Atlantic Ridge (highly volatile boundary between Eurasion and North American tectonic plates). Iceland rests along the Mid Atlantic Ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. This is done by looking at details of eruptions and see the causes and impacts they caused. Eyjafjallajokull is located below a glacier. This highlights the need to examine such eruptions and gather how the eruptions took place and the affects that they can cause. However, the Eyjafjallajökull Volcano is situated just beyond the propagating rift of plate spreading in Iceland. Mixing of lava types (rhyolitic and basaltic). These eruptions were preceded by significant rifting and cracking on the ground surface, which are also emblematic of diverging plate movement. However, it can be challenging whether a volcano is emitting ash particularly if the volcano is remote (Webley & Mastin, 2009). The health affects can be shown to not be just contained within the Iceland. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. One volcano may be triggered by the other by direct dike or sill injection. Copyright © 2003 - 2020 - All Answers Ltd is a company registered in England and Wales. Many of its slopes have been eroded down by the glaciers and rivers that run down from the ice sheet that peaks the volcano (REF). This phrase of the eruption being very violent for the size of the volcano was a result of the volcano being a Phreatomagmatic Eruption. ( rhyolitic and basaltic ) just beyond the propagating rift of Eyjafjallajökull (:! 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