Authoritarian leaders are dictator-like; they make all the decisions for the group and have the final say, regardless of other’s feelings or opinions. While parties are one type of political … This theory argues that the leader’s main job is to see that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of; thus, a leader can be said to have done their job well when they have contributed to group effectiveness and cohesion. Subordinates are given a free hand in deciding their own policies and methods. Third, through improved persistence, someone becomes more prone to work through setbacks when pursuing a goal. Both from individual and social point of view religion perform the following functions: 1. Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within groups of people. Report a Violation, Political System: Concept and Types of Political System, Difference between Political Process and Political Parties, Political Institutions: Useful notes on Political Institutions. Cultural sociologists define symbolic boundaries as “conceptual distinctions made by social actors…that separate people into groups and generate feelings of similarity and group membership. Abrupt changes in the form of revolution disrupt the existing social order and disorganization o… Generally, a political party holds the same ideals and fundamentals. Copyright 10. A school may represent an educational organization and so on. According to sociologists, it is “only when symbolic boundaries are widely agreed upon can they take on a constraining character… and become social boundaries. There are five main functions that political parties have. ” These boundaries are necessary for the existence of in-groups and out-groups. Secondly, goals can lead to more effort. In brief, the main functions of political parties are: (i) to assess the problems facing the country and suggest alternative suggestions, (ii) to educate the people in regard to these problems and stimulate them for political action (political socialization), Consensus decision-making tries to avoid “winners” and “losers”. Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative ideas or viewpoints. Later in the mid-1960s, Edwin A. Locke began to examine goal setting, a topic he continued to explore for thirty years. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. A well-known definition of political parties comes from the American political scientist Antony Downs, who wrote: “A political party is a … http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKKwOdi1VhU. The phenomenon has shown that after participating in a discussion group, members tend to advocate more extreme positions and call for riskier courses of action than individuals who did not participate in any such discussion. The democratic leadership style consists of the leader sharing the decision-making abilities with group members by promoting the interests of the group members and by practicing social equality. For example, groups high in cohesion have been noted to have a negative effect on group decision making and hence on group effectiveness. It is the religion which consoles and encourages him in all such time of crisis. Situational theory states that the times produce the person and not the other way around. Social organisations are of two broad types, namely, those which grow out of kinship and those that result from the free and voluntary associations of members. All of these phenomena show how membership in a group can overcome individual behavior. One important factor in how symbolic boundaries function is how widely they are accepted as valid. The centralized authority always dominates over the autonomy of individual or sub-groups within the society. The enhancement of performance through goals requires feedback. The behavior of group members can be controlled indirectly through group polarization, groupthink, and herd behavior. Political institutions 1. Group polarization is the phenomenon that when placed in group situations, people will make decisions and form opinions that are more extreme than when they are in individual situations. In the social sciences, the word “clique” is used to describe a group of 2 to 12 “persons who interact with each other more regularly and intensely than others in the same setting. Decision-making is the mental processes resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternative scenarios. For example, if a person typically produces four widgets an hour, and sets the goal of producing six, he may work more intensely toward the goal. Content Guidelines 2. In the developmentalist, or modernization, perspective traditional religiopolitical systems were typically understood to combine religious and political functions within a single structure of authority. It is the result of the philosophy, personality, and experience of the leader. Social groups are defined by boundaries. Three examples are range voting, majority voting, and plurality voting. That is, individuals “disassociate from the group and pursue individual goals designed to improve their personal lot rather than that of their in-group. Power and authority and status and role are produced and enforced by the political institutions. Consensus Decision-Making: This diagram shows how decisions are made by consensus. This study therefore offers evidence of group polarization, where the actions of individuals when in a group were more extreme than when the individual acted individually. Give examples of group polarization, groupthink and herd behavior in real life. During this condition; the social problems decrease in society. Elements. TOS 7. “. Social scientists argued that history was more than the result of intervention of great men. When a consensus is impossible, impractical, or undesirable, different voting systems can be used for a group to decide on an outcome. For instance, group polarization can largely be seen at political conventions that are broadcasted nation wide before a large election. Social organizations happen in everyday life. A toxic leader is someone who leaves the group in a worse-off condition than when he or she first found them. The term structure has been applied to human societies since the 19th century. important for organisations to survive (2008: ... use a number of political games in the organization. Leadership is the ability to organize a group of people to achieve a common purpose. Groupthink is the mode of thinking that happens when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Kenya’s political context has been heavily shaped by historical domestic tensions and contestation associated with centralisation and abuse of power, high levels of corruption, a more than two decades long process of constitutional review and post-election violence. Every decision-making process produces a final choice. Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative ideas or viewpoints. Stability is the condition of equilibrium among the parts of society. When a consensus is impossible or impractical, voting can be used to come to a decision. These more extreme decisions are towards greater risk if the individual’s initial tendency is to be risky and towards greater caution if individual’s initial tendency is to be cautious. They coordinate and crystallize numerous interests of individuals and groups. However, there are situations in which the decisions made by a collection of individuals are riddled with error, or poor judgment. Organizational politics and the process of gathering a network to create change can be secretive and self-promoting when it is used in a negative manner. To be very precise social organisations have the following functions and dysfunctions Division of labor and ensuing organic solidarity in industrial societies Ensuring cohesion of the society through agencies like religion Serve as reference group for evaluation and mobility of individuals Janis claimed the fiasco that ensued could have been prevented if the Kennedy administration had followed the same methods of preventing groupthink that it later followed during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Group polarization refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. Social organisations at different levels organize and give expression to collective behaviour. Where group boundaries are considered permeable (e.g., a group member may pass from a low status group into a high status group), individuals are more likely to engage in individual mobility strategies. The invasion plan was initiated by the Eisenhower administration, but when the Kennedy White House took over, it “uncritically accepted” the CIA’s plan. Change is the dynamic condition of society. Irving Janis led the initial research on the groupthink theory. Goal-setting may have little effect if individuals can’t see the results of their performance in relation to the goal. A state is frequently called a political organization. 3. In addition, the article addresses the issue of effectiveness and quality of NGOs' activity. When some people attempted to present their objections to the plan, the Kennedy team as a whole ignored these objections and kept believing in the morality of their plan. Consensus requires that a majority approve a given course of action, but that the minority agree to go along with the course of action. A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. Structure and social organization. It is an imagination of the replica of an equalitarian society. The trait theory of leadership seeks to find attributes that all leaders possess. J.T.S. As societies become wealthier and more complex, political systems develop and grow more powerful. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. In this game, both individual and group decision-making was observed to see how individual preferences with respect to the allocation of money between a dictator and a recipient are transformed into a team decision. 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