© 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. 1; Wynne-Edwards 1972; Easton 1992). Integration of petrological modeling and geochronological data shows that the Variscan basement of central Corsica, close to the Alpine nappes, was buried during the late Eocene by ≥ 18 km of Alpine orogenic wedge and foreland deposits. These approaches are illustrated by means of practical examples. In the thinner exposures (∼1 km), the MCT shows three-dimensional zone-type geometry with a core of highly deformed mylonites flanked by relatively less-deformed protomylonite zones and has a minor portion of the GHS in its footwall. Ductile Shear Zones: From Micro- to Macro-scales. We infer that, although collapse of an orogenic belt and eventual transition to a new ocean does occur, it is by no means inevitable. shear zones (see Fig. In a conceptual model of a major fault zone cutting crystalline quartzo-feldspathic crust, a zone of elastico-frictional (EF) behaviour generating random-fabric fault rocks (gouge-breccia- cataclasite series-pseudotachylyte) overlies a region where quasi-plastic (QP) processes of rock deformation operate in ductile shear zones with the production of mylonite series rocks possessing strong tectonite fabrics. Minor intrusions may provide effective markers in the unravelling of shear zone histories (see paper by Carreras et aL ). A. Vzťah medzi deformačnými mechanizmami a prepojením zlomov a duktilných strižných zón. 2), or0+158 to the trace of left-handed strike-slip shear zones (see Fig. The average level of deviatoric stress within the seismogenic regime remains an outstanding problem. Within granitic gneiss mylonites, the shear zone is characterised by early and late open to tight folds of pegmatite dykes. The shear zones range from a few centimetres to 20 m thick, and include a northeast-trending set (Lens 19) and an east-northeast- to east-trending set (Lenses 2, 5, and 15) with several subsidiary minor mineralized structures. The last chapter of this volume deals with the transition between the two fields. The thesis is devoted mainly to structural geology and tectonic research in the Považský Inovec Mts. Plate boundaries in continental crust are generally less sharply defined than in the oceans, with seismicity spread over broad areas. 2 Plate Boundary-San Andreas Fault Fault Fence Fault zone in Quartzites-Brooks Range Small Normal Faults Small Thrust Fault – Moss Beach, Ca Types of fault Oblique slip . (1994) consider that both the Surma and the Aswa shear zones are viable candidates for an extension of the Ranotsara shear zone. Faults, fault zones, shear zones Terminology Hanging wall Foot wall Fault Zone in Granitic Gneiss Fault scarp after an earthquake- Nevada. Thus, the principal stresses and strain rates throughout the continental crust and upper mantle should be nearly perpendicular and parallel to the Earth's surface, and oblique-slip faulting should be a minor process. ICDP Dead Sea deep drilling (Paleoseismology & sedimentary processes), Bending within the axial tectonic belt of New Zealand in the last 9 Ma from paleomagnetic data. 6810." Previous workers placed the MCT at different locations in Sikkim, varying up to ∼12 km structural distance, without providing any insights on its geometry. Seismic anisotropy is best explained by a transpression zone of vertical foliation (and possibly horizontal lineation) which penetrates the asthenospheric mantle. California shear zone and Walker Lane belt together may accommodate a large portion of the approximately 22-25% of Pacific/North American plate motion that occurs east of the Sierra Nevada [Dokka and Travis, 1990; Dixon et al., 1995]. A simple 2-level model for these important structures accounts for the depth distribution of most continental earthquakes, and for the observed range of faulting styles and associated rock deformation textures. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. We are dealing with only one part of the wider field of rock mechanics, which also includes structural or boundary value problems, for example, those of the stability of slopes, the collapse of mine openings, earth­ quakes, the folding of stratified rock, and the convec­ tive motion of the earth's mantle. Martelat (1998), in contrast, suggests that the Mt. Shear zones are narrow zones of highly strained rock characterized by spatial gradi-ents of finite strain. Where the lineations are nearly 90° degree from the vorticity axis, the macroscale flow is close to a plane-strain general shearing. When this correction is made assuming a strike-slip partitioned transpression model, contraction estimation from cross-sections is consistent with both the normal and tangential movements imposed by plate motion: there is no San Andreas discrepancy. The approach combines the strength of kinematic and mechanical analyses in large strain 3D deformations. Our modeling shows that, in simple shearing and thinning zone progressive deformations, constrictional strains develop only in rheological heterogeneities that are moderately stronger than the bulk material as a whole. Physical factors likely to affect the genesis of the various fault rocks-frictional properties, temperature, effective stress normal to the fault and differential stress-are examined in relation to the energy budget of fault zones, the main velocity modes of faulting and the type of faulting, whether thrust, wrench, or normal. We show that, although inheritance is common on multiple scales, the Wilson Cycle is at best an imperfect model for the Circum-North Atlantic region. Own results focus on clarifying the geological evolution of the Selec Block, where signs of various Hercynian and Alpine deformation phases could be observed, and are defined in meso- and macroscale. The directions of magnetisation in rocks of similar age outside the belt have a declination like that of the earth's present axial dipole, 360°. Surprisingly, no information exists on the role of fluid in evolution of the MCT. These results allowed a refined interpretation of the position of this shear zone along the portion of the Nzega Greenstone Belt covered by the AC program. In general, three major ductile deformation phases could be observed on the boundary between the Lim Unit and the overriding Dinaridic Ophiolite nappe. Late arching and/or tilting of the region in which the shear zone resides has modified the original orien- tation and form of the shear zone even further. However, there are also some sections along strike (Figure 1b). Granite protomylonite showing CS fabric. Our modeling shows that, in simple shearing and thinning zone progressive deformations, constrictional strains develop only in rheological heterogeneities that are moderately stronger than the bulk material as a whole. Consequently, with finite deformation, oblique convergence is likely to become partitioned into pure strike-slip parallel to the boundary between rigid plates or blocks, and pure convergence on thrust faults also with strikes parallel to the boundary. The concept of homogeneous transtension deformation, combining a homogeneous pure shearing and a transcurrent simple shearing, is unsupported by fabric evidence and is likely unrealistic. The second deformation phase gave rise to the development of Iwaraja (ductile) shear zone. 3 Fault Striations- Slikenlines Regional Strain Types of Fault and the … It has developed as the surface expression of a zone of progressively thickening crust beginning about 12 Ma in the medial Miocene and has resulted from the squeezing and shortening of E Anatolia between the Arabian and European Plates following the Serravallian demise of the last oceanic or quasi-oceanic tract between Arabia and Eurasia.-from Authors. In gen-eral, variation of the strain weakening also has a significant influence on ductile shear zones. The eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) in southeastern California (USA) consists of a net - work of primarily northwest-striking strike-slip faults accommodating ~25% of Pacific–North America plate motion (Fig. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. shear zones (see Fig. (Download map in PDF format). Locally, for example in Happy Valley, the mylonites dip northeastward, although it can be … If, indeed, blocks of upper crust were effectively carried by the stronger, continuously deforming substratum, then orientations of stress in the upper crust would provide little insight into the dynamics of crustal deformation, much less insight than measurements of the full deformation gradient tensor or velocity gradient tensor. The simple shear model is more consistent with the expectation of strain localization observed on multiple scales in the lithosphere generally (e.g.. ... Shear zones can also exhibit "islandchannel geometry" where "channels" of fine-grained mylonites anastomose around "islands" of relatively undeformed coarse-grained rocks (fig. We summarise and evaluate the role of fundamental lithospheric structures such as mantle fabric and composition, lower crustal inhomogeneities, orogenic belts, and major strike-slip faults during breakup. 2 Types of shear zones Generations of geologists studying the natural deformations of the earth's crust have noticed that high deformations are often localised in narrow, sub-parallel sided zones, and these have been loosly termed shear zones. Once mature, the kinematic and mechanical evolution of the system is strongly influenced by the rheological behaviour of the interconnected fault/shear zone network. Under an oblique divergence boundary condition, the upper lithosphere deforms by folding and fracturing and the ductile lithosphere develops simple-shearing-dominated detachment shear zones. 1, Fig. L-tectonites are most likely developed in macroscale simple shearing, simple-shearing dominated plane-strain general shearing, or simple-shearing-dominated Sanderson and Marchini transpression. It is hoped eventually to present a survey of the ductile field in a separate volume. The depth depends on the temperature gradient and the mineralogy of the crust. A shear zone is a tabular to sheetlike, planar or curviplanar zone composed of rocks that are more highly strained than rocks adjacent to the zone. By contrast, the apparently chemically homogenous high-celadonite white mica yielded concordant in-situ ages at ~ 34 Ma, but a hump-shaped age spectrum, with maximum ages of ~ 35 Ma and intermediate- to high-temperature steps as young as ~ 33–32 Ma. Four general types of shear zones can be defined, based on the dominating type of The transition is gradual and known as the brittle - Insofar as the strongest region lies in the uppermost mantle and deforms by ductile flow, the overall large-scale deformation of continential regions should be described best as that of a viscous continuum. Protolith signatures have proved useful in distinguishing the GHS and LHS, but delineating the structural break of the MCT is still challenging. Typically this is a type of fault, but it may be difficult to place a distinct fault plane into the shear zone.Shear zones may form zones of much more intense foliation, deformation, and folding. brittle properties of rocks as determined in laboratory experiments. Equivalent processes are likely to occur along many other long-lived, crustal-scale fault zones. earth science applications. Seismic anisotropy (shear-wave splitting) and teleseismic analyses suggest that the upper mantle in the San Andreas region is thick and largely undeformed to the SW of the San Andreas fault, but thin and intensely sheared in a zone 50-100 km wide beneath the NE region of the San Andreas fault system. The average shear zone width in the mined zone is 3 m. All of these shear zones are subvertical to steeply (>80°) north- Simplified model of the connection between faults, which normally form in the upper crust, and classic ductile shear zones. shear zones separating these belts are the Metased-imentary Belt Boundary Zone (MBBZ) (separating the GB and the MB) and the Carthage-Colton Shear Zone (separating the MB and the GT, fig. The shear zones began to form as a consequence of north vergent oblique continent-continent collision and accommodated the resulting dextral transpression. We consider L-tectonites that reflect constrictional finite strains here and use a multiscale approach to investigate the conditions for constrictional strain fields. Another characteristic feature is their anastomosing geometry, encompassing and wrapping around more rigid, less deformed rock bodies (i.e. 2 Plate Boundary-San Andreas Fault Fault Fence Fault zone in Quartzites-Brooks Range Small Normal Faults Small Thrust Fault – … The deformation front narrowed through time, and became progressively localized within the ∼120-410 m-thick strain-softened mylonites at the shear zone core, whereas, deformation ceased or continued slowly in the ∼100-880 m-thick protomylonites at the margins. Bancroft shear zone is a narrow, anastomosing belt of predominantly mylonitic marbles; locally, myionitized granitic rocks are present• The thickness of individual shear zones is <20m, with an overall width of the anastomosing zone <2km (Fig. Folds and other common meso- and microstructures in shear zones (e.g. PDF | On Jan 1, 2004, G. I. Alsop and others published Shear zones - An introduction and overview | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate shear zones separating these belts are the Metased-imentary Belt Boundary Zone (MBBZ) (separating the GB and the MB) and the Carthage-Colton Shear Zone (separating the MB and the GT, fig. Although the lower crust is likely to be relatively weak, it couples the deformation of the upper mantle to that in the upper crust in most regions. shear zone, as elevated fluid pressures are hard to maintain in an open system, but retrograde reactions may lead to the growth of fine-grained products and the formation of new in-terconnected weak fabrics. Numerical results show that the geometry and thickness of the localized high strain zone are especially affected by weakening mechanisms during deformation. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Constrictional strains (hence L-tectonites) can develop in these detachment zones due to flow partitioning. The work describes presence of backthrusts and reverse faults and possible mechanism and time period of their formation. sandstone intrusions in hydrocarbon exploration and production. Moreover, dissipative heating in the strong upper mantle could provide the source of excess heat flow in the Coast Ranges of California. Comparison with experimental data suggests that this produces a shallowing of the frictional-viscous creep ('brittie-ductile') transition and a substantial reduction in total crustal strength. Shear zones in the granodioritic massifs of the Central Pyrenees and the behaviour of these massifs during the Alpine orogenesis Christian Lamouroux, Jean Claude Soula, Joachim Déramond, Pierre Debat shear-zone walls. Our results, combined with previously published apatite fission-track data, imply an overburden removal ≥ 15 km from the late Eocene (Priabonian) to the early Miocene (Aquitanian), pointing to a minimum average exhumation rate of 1.3–1.5 mm/a. Based on observations of mesoscopic faults, paleostress analysis of the examined region was carried out. A case study from the crustal-scale Great Glen Fault Zone (GGFZ), Scotland, reveals a complex evolution of mid- to upper-crustal deformation textures formed adjacent to the frictional-viscous transition. Faults, fault zones, shear zones Terminology Hanging wall Foot wall Fault Zone in Granitic Gneiss Fault scarp after an earthquake- Nevada. New foliation develops (C-surface) at an angle (18-25 to the shear-zone walls) S-C Fabric • S-surfaces - foliation planes • C-surfaces - shear bands (useful for determining the sense of shear) S-C Fabric Right-lateral motion. In nature the plane of flattening would be expressed as foliation within the interior of the shear zone. Laser step-heating experiments gave sigmoidal-shaped age profiles, with step ages in line with in-situ spot dates. From north to south these are (Fig. This study integrates mineralogical, and geochemical analyses with mass-balance calculations to explore the role of fluids in evolution of the MCT shear zone from four exposures, which span ∼40 km distance along the transport direction in Sikkim, eastern India. The retrogressed feldspar grains are surrounded by recrystallized quartz, and the muscovite, and chlorite produced due to retrogression define the mylonite foliations, which indicate fluid activity was syn-tectonic. Physical and numerical experiments on transpression indicate that strike-slip partitioning is facilitated by low angle of convergence, such as occurs on the modern San Andreas fault system. Thesis presents a new interpretation of the geological structure of the area, mainly related to the Cretaceous tectonic evolution and structural position of the Horné Belice Group (Belice Unit) with respect to adjacent units. All figure content in this area was uploaded by G. I. Alsop. The lineations of the Ltectonites are always nearly parallel to the lineations in the bulk material. This paper deals with the results of microstructural analysis of Palaeozoic rocks of Lim Zone along the contact with Dinaridic ophiolite nappe. To better understand the influence of the eastern California shear zone on the deformation of the Mojave block, we use aftershocks of … Foliations (S-C fabric) Foliation develops as a result of simple shear Dominant simple-shear parallel to walls of shear zone develops a S-surface foliation New foliation develops (C-surface) at an angle (18-25 to the shear- zone walls) shear zone. The amount of strain is generally highest within the centre of the shear zone, decreasing outward into the wall rocks adjacent to the zone. Cross- sections across the San Andreas fault overestimate the amount of margin- normal contraction, because they do not include the effect of horizontal stretching caused by the wrench component of deformation. Mineral-textural analysis, electron microprobe data, and pseudosection modeling constrain P–T conditions attained during shearing at ~ 300 °C and minimum pressures of ~ 0.6 GPa. Later ESE-directed extensional strain was preferentially focused into these pre-existing zones of weakness. Then, fluids infiltrated the shear zone, and induced retrogression, and element mobility. Accordingly, for most plausible geotherms in continental crust and upper mantle, the strongest region may lie in the uppermost mantle. background material and where it can be found. 2). The eastern California shear zone Following which, the proto shear zone developed in closed-system conditions, and deformation localized by dynamic recrystallization, and dislocation creep resulting in formation of ∼200–1000 m-thick protomylonites. Adjacent the shear zone, ptygmatic folds of quartzo-feldspathic veins in gneisses and crenulated cleavages that overprinted earlier schistosity surfaces in the quartz-mica schist also characterised this deformation phase. Heterogeneities in the angle of shear lead to the development of small intensely sheared zones, called C-planes if they are parallel to the shear zone boundary, or … Thesis (doctoral)--Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. During a regionally important phase of sinistral strike-slip movements, the influx of chemically active hydrous fluids along the fault zone was associated with the formation of a network of greenschist-facies phylionitic shear zones. The eastern California shear zone is an important component of the Pacifi c–North America plate boundary. "Diss. Specifically, post-Caledonian reactivation to form the North Atlantic rift systems essentially followed pre-existing orogenic crustal structures, while eventual breakup reflected a change in stress field and exploitation of a deeper-seated, lithospheric-scale shear fabrics. These mimic wrench faults in their overall geometry, but have some significantly different internal kinematic characteristics from true wrench faults. Extensional fractures in the various lithologies generally show bimodal orientations mainly in the WNW-ESE and NW-SE directions, which are nearly perpendicular to the regional metamorphic foliations. ETH no. Shear-zone patterns and eclogite-facies metamorphism in the Mozambique belt of northern Malawi, east-central Africa: implications for the assembly of Gondwana The clockwise deviation of the. The eastern California shear zone is thought to accommodate nearly … Larger earthquake ruptures (M > 5.5) tend to nucleate near the base of the seismogenic regime in the region inferred to have the highest shear resistance and concentration of distortional strain energy. . PDF | On Jan 1, 2004, G. I. Alsop and others published Shear zones - An introduction and overview | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Results suggest that ductile shearing with a dominant strike-slip component pervasively deformed the Corsican basement complex during the emplacement and progressive thickening of the Alpine orogenic wedge and broaden the extent of the domain affected by the Alpine tectonometamorphic events to a broader area. T D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 Title: Kinematics and strain distribution in an orogen-scale shear zone: insights from 2 structural analyses and magnetic fabrics in the Gavarnie thrust, Pyrenees 3 4 Authors: Marcos Marcén a,*, Antonio M. Casas-Sainz a, Teresa Román-Berdiel a, Belén 5 Oliva-Urcia b, Ruth Soto c, Luca Aldega d 6 a Geotransfer, Dpto. Our study shows that thickness and geometry of the MCT vary spatially along and across strike. 2), or0+158 to the trace of left-handed strike-slip shear zones (see Fig. Our shear zone framework–based approach can be used with protolith signatures along the Himalayan arc to map and study the MCT in detail. This region of active, predominantly strike-slip, deformation east of the San Andreas fault extends from the southern Mojave Desert along the east side of the Sierra Nevada and into western Nevada. Constrictional strains (hence L-tectonites) can still develop in these detachment zones due to flow partitioning. The transition is gradual and known as the brittle - plastic transition. Download Free PDF. Insofar as blocks of upper crust rotate about vertical axes because they are coupled to the vorticity field of the underlying viscous substratum, sets of oblique-slip faults should not be stable under finite deformation. a shear zone is always formed at 45° to the shear zone boundary, with the inclination of foliation to shear zone in consistency with the sense of shear. Fluid influx in the mid-crust has led to reaction softening of the rock aggregate as strong pre-existing phases such as feldspar are replaced by fine-grained, strongly aligned aggregates of weak phyllosilicates. The last movement on this shear zone occurred at … Similar processes may account for the apparent weakness of many long-lived fault zones. N 55°421N 1TS0 x 0 0..0 f 0 - L 1Km a. b. N t d. ----c 1cm c. Figure 1 - a) Generalized map of the Needle Falls Shear Zone (NFSZ) in the study area. A shear zone is a tabular zone in which strain is notably higher than in the surrounding rock. Furthermore, it serves as a guide for In this zone, the gneissose layering is affected by local open folds and 315 Textbook examples and drawings are supplemented by photographs of nature examples from various regions, mostly from the Western Carpathians. A shear zone is a tabular to sheetlike, planar or curviplanar zone composed of rocks that are more highly strained than rocks adjacent to the zone. The same orientation of the stretching lineation in both units is related to the predominant top-to-the-south shear, which suggests, therefore, oblique thrusting during the emplacement of the ophiolites over the Lim Unit. the shear zone at Abirgetib show a transition through less deformed rocks into the rocks of the Serakoit granite batholith, demonstrating that shearing was younger (Almond et al. Several lithological and environmental factors influence the evolution of fault rock fabrics and rheology, but most fault/shear zone arrays appear to develop as self-organized deformation systems. The study improves our understanding of the strain softening mechanisms operative within the MCT, and the origin of quartz-rich mylonites. Used during the structural investigation of the examined region was carried out wall. The various lithospheric layers involved in this section only the major findings will be described shear zone pdf defined than in lithosphere! Crustal strike-slip movements or escape tectonics major ductile deformation phases could be observed on the laboratory scale in. Are the boundary between the two fields naked eye and Hand lens information the. A. Vzťah medzi deformačnými mechanizmami a prepojením zlomov a duktilných strižných zón for SEM work and analysis! 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