This research was primarily supported by the by SNAPP: Science for Nature and People Partnership, a collaboration of The Nature Conservancy, the Wildlife Conservation Society and the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS). This alters the natural supply of sediment to the coast, leading to shoreline erosion and coastal vegetation loss. Coastal areas are at risk as rising populations and growing urbanization prompt significant losses and damages to coastal habitats, impacting coastal and climate resilience. SDG 14 – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in marine and coastal ecosystems is a key aspect of sustainable development. [12]. According to the EUROSION study (Doody et al. This is evidenced by the growing number of analyses and reviews of the effectiveness of habitats as natural defences and increasing funding world-wide for nature-based defences–i.e. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154735.s005. Timely implementation will be difficult to achieve if the scope or cost of an integrated plan is too large or is simply very comprehensive. Oceans, seas and coastal areas form an integrated and essential component of the Earth’s ecosystem and are critical to sustainable development. 1. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. Tens of millions of people world-wide will be affected in the next few decades by coastal flooding due to sea-level rise and associated increases in wave action and surges [1,2]. These losses reduce coastal resilience, as well as our ability to recover and adapt to climate change and other human-caused threats. economic and social development. Under baseline assumptions, decarbonization would yield $41 billion in net benefits to Costa Rica between 2020 and 2050, using a 5 percent discount rate. The cost-comparisons to alternative breakwaters were limited to habitats for which field measurement and project sites could be paired, which were only in mangroves and salt-marshes (see Nature-based defence project costs benefits and cost-effectiveness in this section). Performed the experiments: SN MWB BGR. Coastal development causes loss of semi-natural and natural land, destruction and fragmentation of coastal habitats, and is also related to increased erosion levels and increased discharge of diffuse pollution and marine litter to the marine environment. We declare that this does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Almost all the studies provide information on habitat width, and most measurements in reefs also provide information on reef depth. Depending on the water depth, mangrove projects in Vietnam can be three to five times cheaper than a breakwater, and salt-marsh projects across Europe and the USA vary from being just as expensive, to around three times cheaper (Table 1, Fig 3). Increased Costs. In addition, coastal habitats are facing increasing risks world-wide as a result of human activity. No, Is the Subject Area "Habitats" applicable to this article? Analyzed the data: SN MWB BGR BvW IJL. In many instances the degradation of coastal habitats can result in a decrease in coastal protection and increase risk of coastal flooding [4,5]. Citation: Narayan S, Beck MW, Reguero BG, Losada IJ, van Wesenbeeck B, Pontee N, et al. [11] An initial systematic search was conducted for peer-reviewed literature and grey literature (e.g. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Prioritizing poverty reduction and social protection programs while promoting gender equality to build community resilience. the ratio H/h where h is the depth of the reef and H the wave height; and (ii) the relative width, i.e. • Climate change could push more than 100 million people within developing countries below the poverty line by 2030. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154735.s001. The COVID-19 pandemic provides a unique opportunity to build back better and bluer by protecting coastal ecosystems and coastal communities from further harm while supporting and preserving the natural systems that sustain them. Restoration objectives vary across habitat types, with most mangrove and marsh habitats reporting coastal protection as a primary objective. Targets. 48. on the coastal protection and risk reduction costs and benefits of projects involving restoration and management of coastal habitats. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Sustainable Development. However, clear differentiation of measured parameters–i.e. No, Is the Subject Area "Cost-effectiveness analysis" applicable to this article? Coastal Development. The contribution of habitats to coastal protection is increasingly addressed in science, policy and practice [16,17,18]. More info. The last half century has seen significant, and in many cases abrupt and irreversible, changes across the world’s coast lines. Unit for Marine and Coastal Systems, Deltares / Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Affiliation Widespread consideration and use of habitats for coastal protection still face significant challenges including: a) uncertainty around the effectiveness of habitats under different hydrodynamic and ecological conditions; b) a lack of synthetic information about the costs and effectiveness of projects that restore or manage habitats for coastal protection; and c) a paucity of studies that integrate and synthesise engineering and ecological knowledge to provide site-specific comparisons of the costs and effectiveness of nature-based defences versus hard structures. Integrate ocean and coastal management into surrounding frameworks, such as urban, catchment and land-use planning. 1990. Get our latest commentary, upcoming events, publications, maps, and data. The costs of climate change on people and the economy are clear. The analyses of field measurements show that coastal habitats have significant potential for reducing wave heights that varies by habitat and site. This suggests that designs of ‘greenbelts’ for coastal protection, rather than only relying on width-based criteria [24,25], should also account for the relationships between habitat and hydrodynamic variables at each site. here. Salt-marshes are almost as effective in terms of wave reduction but occur in more sheltered environments. The wave reduction data are all field observations of wave heights through habitats (S2 Table). that future development is socially sustainable. To ensure this shift, governments should: By harnessing the power of nature and using blue systems such as reefs, wetlands and mangroves to complement grey infrastructure, these services can be provided at a lower cost with greater benefits. We (i) analyse data from sixty-nine field measurements in coastal habitats globally and examine measures of effectiveness of mangroves, salt-marshes, coral reefs and seagrass/kelp beds for wave height reduction; (ii) synthesise the costs and coastal protection benefits of fifty-two nature-based defence projects and; (iii) estimate the benefits of each restoration project by combining information on restoration costs with data from nearby field measurements. To successfully implement long-term ocean and coastal management plans, it is critical governments involve these communities in decision-making processes by: Diverting water before it gets to coastal areas can compromise the quantity and quality of surface water and groundwater. Coastal development impacts may be direct (e.g., land filling, dredging, coral and sand mining for construction) or indirect (e.g., increased runoff of sediment and pollutants). There is limited data in salt-marshes that suggests that wave reduction is linearly correlated with the relative height of the marsh, i.e. n = total number of field measurements for each habitat. in reefs) and; (ii) damping of wave energy and, hence, wave height through friction (i.e. [10] The meta-analyses of wave heights however show that wave height measurements in mangroves have so far been limited to lower waves than in salt-marshes (Table 1, S1 Table). Developers pass it on to property owners, who pass it on to tenants. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future.At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. Fig 3 plots the total restoration costs of mangrove and marsh projects along with breakwater construction costs at these sites for a range of depths and wave height reduction values. Coastal areas are at risk as rising populations and growing urbanization prompt significant losses and damages to coastal habitats, impacting coastal and climate resilience. can cost the local government a great deal of money. All costs are presented on a per metre coastline length basis. Together with their ability to keep pace with sea-level rise [27] this suggests that nature-based defences can become increasingly viable on sheltered coastlines. Other coastal protection benefits include savings in damages during storm events, reductions in erosion and reductions in the costs of engineering for coastal protection, reflected, in a few cases, by positive benefit-cost ratios (e.g. of millions of people in coastal cities from their homes, with a total cost to coastal urban areas of more than $1 trillion each year by 2050. Instituto de Hidraulica Ambiental, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain, Affiliation The wave reduction meta-analyses were performed for observations of wave heights in coastal habitats that provided information on wave heights with (before) and without (after) the habitat. But critical questions remain about when these projects can be used effectively for coastal protection, for example about the costs of a habitat restoration project relative to other, more conventional alternatives. [6] In addition to underpinning the global ocean economy and offering important social and cultural value, intact coastal ecosystems provide resources like food, energy, minerals and pharmaceuticals while contributing ecosystem services like flood protection and carbon storage. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154735, Editor: Maura (Gee) Geraldine Chapman, University of Sydney, AUSTRALIA, Received: January 11, 2016; Accepted: April 18, 2016; Published: May 2, 2016. This will allow better understanding of variations in project costs with variations in water levels, wave conditions and habitat characteristics. Schematic showing general mechanics of wave height reduction through habitats, using the examples of coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves. Affiliation Absolute wave reduction extents are plotted against incident wave height for a) coral reefs (n = 27); b) mangroves (n = 11); c) salt-marshes (n = 14); d) seagrass/kelp beds (n = 5). imji16 imji16 3 weeks ago Science Senior High School Jingle "about benefits and costs of coastal sustainable development" 1 See answer anygenprado anygenprado Answer: just add some tones of music. Coastal habitats such as mangroves and reefs can reduce wave heights by between 35% to 71% and can provide annual storm and flood protection benefits exceeding $65 billion for mangroves and $4 billion for reefs. To change this trajectory, a new paper commissioned by the High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy proposes a new way forward with four opportunities for action to ensure sustainable and resilient coastal zones. It will also be critical to get similar field measurements of wave and water level reductions by habitats during extreme events [47]. These are increasingly driven by global conventions and their funding mechanisms, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the green Adaptation Fund (AF), as well as the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) and lending from the World Bank. A policy promoting sustainable coastal development means much more than simply maintaining the status quo. The response variable–namely, the reduction in wave height was expressed as a % of the incoming wave height (see S2 Table): This reduction in wave height depends on habitat and site-specific ecological and geophysical parameters that influence the dynamics of incoming waves (Fig 1). crest height relative to water surface) required to achieve the same transmission coefficient as the NbD, Kt-nbD were calculated. decision-making processes (for example, coastal zoning, development planning, and disaster risk management) and the SEEA. For each pair of project and field measurement, the per metre project cost (Cproj_per_m) and width (Bproj) were transferred to the field measurement location and a nature-based defence (NbD) was defined with a unique combination of width (BNbD), cost (CNbD), rate of wave height reduction (rNbD), incoming wave height (HNbD) and water depth (hNbD): We can instead see and value the environment as a series of assets or benefits that development in fact depends upon. Nature-based defence projects also report benefits ranging from reductions in storm damage to reductions in coastal structure costs. The two sub-tidal vegetated habitats, seagrass and kelp beds were treated together due to their similarities in wave reduction mechanisms (see Fig 1). Sustainable Development Goals, Parties have agreed to conserve 10% of marine and coastal areas by 2020. Breakwater dimensions were computed per metre coastline using standard coastal engineering formulae [53]; see S1 Methods: Eqs [SI 11]–[SI 13]). The improvements in 2007 cost over £4 million for a relatively short section of wall. physical reduction of wave heights or storm surges, versus economic savings in damage costs during extreme events–is essential to understand the extents to which, and conditions under which, different habitats offer protection. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154735.s002. Because our country is a low-lying delta, we have lived with water for centuries. They are also being driven by interest from national and multi-national agencies [10,12,14,15]. While accurate estimates of construction costs require detailed information on structure profile, material and labour costs, etc., water depth is often a critical driver of construction costs [29] and therefore the main influence on cost effectiveness. The definition of sustainable development has provided a big step forward. Water depth is a crucial factor, with both habitats showing an increase in cost effectiveness at higher depths, due to the relatively steep increase in breakwater construction costs. Cost reporting in the project dataset is highly variable: of the 52 projects, fourteen do not report any costs, seventeen report total restoration costs, nine report costs on a per-m2 basis, nine on a per-hectare basis, two as per-metre coastline length and one as per-kilometre coastline length (S3 Table). In brief, this guidance note finds the following: • Mangroves and coral reefs provide significant coastal protection benefits. Sign up for the weekly WRI Digest. Table 1.2 Indicative costs associated with the cost of coastal protection 10 Table 1.3 Key cost considerations for coastal works 11 Table 1.4 Example costs from the Environment Agency Unit Cost Database associated with beach recycling/recharge 13 Table 1.5 Example costs from the Environment Agency Unit Cost Database associated with coastal walls 14 A Review of Prefabrication Benefits for Sustainable and Resilient Coastal Areas December 2017 Conference: 6th International Network of Tropical Architecture Conference Cost Benefit Evaluation of Ecoroofs 2008 (PDF) (37 pp, 2.1 MB, About PDF) —This report attempts to quantify the private and public costs and benefits of green roofs—or "ecoroofs"—in Portland, Oregon. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Sustainable Development. Log in. For instance, the slope of a coral reef can influence variations in wave reduction over that reef [38] and hence, its effectiveness as a nature-based defence. 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